Web archiving is the process of collecting, preserving and providing access to material from the World Wide Web. The aim is to ensure that information is preserved in an archival format for research and the public. Web archivists typically employ automated web crawlers to capturing the massive amount of information on the Web. The most widely known web archive service is the Wayback Machine, run by Internet Archive. The growing portion of human culture created and recorded on the web makes it inevitable that more and more libraries and archives will have to face the challenges of web archiving. National libraries, national archives and various consortia of organizations are also involved in archiving culturally important Web content. Commercial web archiving software and services are also available to organizations that need to archive their own web content for corporate heritage, regulatory, or legal purposes. As of 2018, the Internet Archive was home to 40 petabytes of data.

The Internet Archive also developed many of its own tools for collecting and storing its data, including PetaBox for storing large amounts of data efficiently and safely, and Heritrix, a web crawler developed in conjunction with the Nordic national libraries. Other projects launched around the same time included a web archiving project by the National Library of Canada, Australia's Pandora, Tasmanian web archives and Sweden's Kulturarw3. International Web Archiving Workshop (IWAW) provided a platform to share experiences and exchange ideas. The International Internet Preservation Consortium (IIPC), established in 2003, has facilitated international collaboration in developing standards and open source tools for the creation of web archives. The now-defunct Internet Memory Foundation was founded in 2004 and founded by the European Commission in order to archive the web in Europe. The data from the foundation is now housed by the Internet Archive, but not currently publicly accessible. Despite the fact that there is no centralized responsibility for its preservation, web content is rapidly becoming the official record.

For example, in 2017, the United States Department of Justice affirmed that the government treats the President's tweets as official statements. Web archivists generally archive various types of web content including HTML web pages, style sheets, JavaScript, images, and video. They also archive metadata about the collected resources such as access time, MIME type, and content length. This metadata is useful in establishing authenticity and provenance of the archived collection. Transactional archiving is an event-driven approach, which collects the actual transactions which take place between a web server and a web browser. It is primarily used as a means of preserving evidence of the content which was actually viewed on a particular website, on a given date. This may be particularly important for organizations which need to comply with legal or regulatory requirements for disclosing and retaining information. A transactional archiving system typically operates by intercepting every HTTP request to, and response from, the web server, filtering each response to eliminate duplicate content, and permanently storing the responses as bitstreams.

The robots exclusion protocol may request crawlers not access portions of a website. Some web archivists may ignore the request and crawl those portions anyway. Large portions of a website may be hidden in the Deep Web. For example, the results page behind a web form can lie in the Deep Web if crawlers cannot follow a link to the results page. Crawler traps (e.g., calendars) may cause a crawler to download an infinite number of pages, so crawlers are usually configured to limit the number of dynamic pages they crawl. Most of the archiving tools do not capture the page as it is. It is observed that ad banners and images are often missed while archiving. However, it is important to note that a native format web archive, i.e., a fully browsable web archive, with working links, media, etc., is only really possible using crawler technology. The Web is so large that crawling a significant portion of it takes a large number of technical resources.

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