Internet standard for creating data with optional signature and/or optional encryption whose payload holds JSON that asserts some number of claims. The tokens are signed either using a private secret or a public/private key. For example, a server could generate a token that has the claim "logged in as administrator" and provide that to a client. The client could then use that token to prove that it is logged in as admin. The tokens can be signed by one party's private key (usually the server's) so that any party can subsequently verify whether the token is legitimate. If the other party, by some suitable and trustworthy means, is in possession of the corresponding public key, they too are able to verify the token's legitimacy. JWT claims can typically be used to pass identity of authenticated users between an identity provider and a service provider, or any other type of claims as required by business processes. JWT relies on other JSON-based standards: JSON Web Signature and JSON Web Encryption.

The above json strings are formatted without newlines or spaces, into utf-8 byte arrays. This resulting token can be easily passed into HTML and HTTP. In authentication, when a user successfully logs in, a JSON Web Token (JWT) is often returned. This token should be sent to the client using a secure mechanism like an HTTP-only cookie. Storing the JWT locally in browser storage mechanisms like local or session storage is discouraged. This is because JavaScript running on the client-side (including browser extensions) can access these storage mechanisms, exposing the JWT and compromising security. When the client wants to access a protected route or resource, the user agent should send the JWT, typically in the Authorization HTTP header using the Bearer schema. This is a stateless authentication mechanism as the user state is never saved in server memory. The server's protected routes will check for a valid JWT in the Authorization header, and if it is present, the user will be allowed to access protected resources.

As JWTs are self-contained, all the necessary information is there, reducing the need to query the database multiple times. JSON web tokens may contain session state. But if project requirements allow session invalidation before JWT expiration, services can no longer trust token assertions by the token alone. To validate that the session stored in the token is not revoked, token assertions must be checked against a data store. This renders the tokens no longer stateless, undermining the primary advantage of JWTs. While these vulnerabilities were patched, McLean suggested deprecating the alg field altogether to prevent similar implementation confusion. CVEs filed in the 2018-2021 period having this cause. Jones, Michael B.; Bradley, Bradley; Sakimura, Sakimura (May 2015). JSON Web Token (JWT). Nickel, Jochen (2016). Mastering Identity and Access Management with Microsoft Azure. Sevilleja, Chris. "The Anatomy of a JSON Web Token". Jones, Michael B.; Bradley, John; Sakimura, Nat (May 2015). "draft-ietf-jose-json-web-signature-41 - JSON Web Signature (JWS)". Jones, Michael B.; Hildebrand, Joe (May 2015). "draft-ietf-jose-json-web-encryption-40 - JSON Web Encryption (JWE)". Jones, Michael B. (May 2015). "draft-ietf-jose-json-web-algorithms-40 - JSON Web Algorithms (JWA)". Jones, Michael B.; Bradley, Bradley; Sakimura, Sakimura (May 2015). ""exp" (Expiration Time) Claim". JSON Web Token (JWT). IETF. sec. 4.1.4. doi:10.17487/RFC7519. McLean, Tim (March 31, 2015). "Critical vulnerabilities in JSON Web Token libraries". Slootweg, Sven. "Stop using JWT for sessions". Andreas, Happe. "JWT: Signature vs MAC attacks".

So, you want to be a lawyer. You've worked hard in college to keep your GPA high, and you've carefully researched law schools to find the one you'd like to attend. There's only one thing left standing in your way before you can complete your applications: the LSAT. But what is the LSAT, and why does it instill fear and dread in so many students? The Law School Admission Test (LSAT) is a standardized test given to all law school applicants. It's similar to the SAT exam you took in high school but is aimed at those looking to enter the legal profession. The test is developed and administered by the Law School Admissions Council (LSAC), and it can play a major role in getting into law school. All ABA-accredited law schools in the United States, Canada and Australia require applicants to submit LSAT scores as part of the admissions process.

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